Margin privileges 中文

美股融資買進規則(Margin Transactions and Margin Requirements)

前陣子看版友在Ask Mr. Firstrade 專欄詢問Mr. Firstrade有關美股融資買進的問題,細節相當瑣碎。當時綠角看了,覺得果然是有夠複雜,慶幸自己不進行這種操作。

很湊巧的,最近看資料時,剛好就看到關於融資買進的描述。之前看到這種章節,我一定直接跳過,因為用不到。這次,我就很好奇的把它看完。發現,其實基本原則很簡單,寫成此文,與有需要的版友分享。

首先,要知道什麼叫Margin(因為是用在海外券商的,很多英文,我就不翻譯了,免得走樣)。Margin的定義是,The part of the total value of the securities that the investor pays with cash.

簡單的說,Margin就是在一筆股票中,投資人以自有現金買進的部份。譬如,買進價值1萬美金的股票,其中投資人自己出6000,借4000美金,那麼他的Margin就是6000。

知道了Margin之後,Margin requirement就不難懂了。所謂Margin requirement就是,一筆股票當中,是投資人自有資金部位,要在多少百分比之上。

Margin requirement有分類。

首先是Minimum Initial Margin Requirement。就是初始時,最低的Margin requirement。初始,指的是開始持有該筆股票的時候,也就是剛買進的時候。

美國Federal Reserve規定,Minimum Initial Margin Requirement是50%。

譬如說,你要融資買進A股,共100股,每股值50美金。在這筆總值5000的交易中,你必需符合Minimum Initial Margin Requirement 50%的規定,也就是至少要有一半的錢,必需是你自己的,剩下的才能用融資買進。所以,你至少要出2500美金,剩下的2500美金則可以融資,也就是向券商借錢,買進。

持有這筆借錢買進的股票之後,你必需一直符合另一個Margin Requirement,叫Maintenance Margin Requirement

紐約證交所(NYSE)規定,Maintenance Margin Requirement至少要25%。但券商可以自訂Maintenance Margin Requirement,通常會比較高。

譬如以Maintenance Margin Requirement 30%舉例。延用剛才的例子。每股價值50美金的A股,你融資50%買進100股。

Margin privileges 中文

狀況一,股價漲到每股60。這時這筆股票的總價值是6000。這其中,借錢的部位仍是2500。所以投資人自有資金的部份就是3500。3500佔這筆價值6000的股票的58%,超過30%的Maintenance Margin Requirement。符合要求。

狀況二,股價下跌到每股 40。這時,你借來的錢還是2500。借方不會因為你股票下跌就讓你少還錢,你還是欠2500。所以這筆總價4000的股票中,你自有的部份只剩1500。1500佔總值4000的37.5%。OK,雖然比Minimum Initial Margin Requirement的50%低,但是仍高於Maintenance Margin Requirement的30%。所以雖然你沒辦法再借錢買進這支股票(因為已低於Minimum Initial Margin Requirement,你要再買,一定是先出自己的錢買),但也不會收到補錢的通知(Margin call)。

狀況三,股票下跌到每股30。這筆總值3000的股票中,投資人自有部位只剩500,佔16.67%,已低於Maintenance Margin Requirement 30%的要求,所以投資人將會接到margin call,請他補足資金。

要補多少呢?很簡單。要求是30%,總值3000的30%是900。投資人自有500,還差了400。所以至少要補400到帳戶中。不補錢的話,券商就會把股票賣了,來償還借款。

以上就是股票融資買進的規則簡述。

瞭解這個規則與要不要去做,是兩回事。但至少記得,當你用融資開啟了大賺的可能時,你也放出了賠光光的魔鬼。

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下那種單?談美股下單類別(Market Orders, Limit Orders ,and Stop Orders)

For instance, a delegation led by an Assistant Minister of MOFTEC visited Hong Kong in September this year and held a seminar on "New Measures on

[...]

Mainland Processing Trade", during

[...] which the ShadowMargin AccountScheme of the [...]

Mainland processing trade was explained.

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

例 如今年 9

[...] 月對外貿易經濟合作部的部長助理便曾率團來港舉行 “內地加工貿易新措施”座談會,解釋內地的加工貿易 證金的新措施

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

For example, we are most grateful that

[...]

the Central Government has allowed alternative arrangements regarding the

[...] Guarantee ShadowMargin Accountrequirements.

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

至今的努力已經取得一些實質成果,例如中央政府已決定在繳台帳保證金方面 准許一些新的安排,在這方面,我十分感謝中央。

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

(3) The Broker agrees that he will open and maintain suchmargin account(s) and act as an agent for the Client in the purchase and [...] [...]

sale of securities subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement.

pt123.com

pt123.com

(3) 經紀同意開立及維持該(等)戶口,並 以客戶之代理人身份,根據本合約之條款,進行證券買賣。

pt123.com

pt123.com

This account gives you tremendous agility by allowing you to borrow on margin at a competitive interest rate if you qualify and yourMargin Accountis approved.

tdwaterhouse.ca

tdwaterhouse.ca

這 種 賬 戶 靈 活 性 高 , 只 需 符 合 開 戶 資 格 並 獲 審 批 , 即 可 於 付 出 保 證 金 後 , 以 優 惠 的 利率貸款。

tdwaterhouse.ca

tdwaterhouse.ca

(4) Towards the end of July, the Ministry of Commerce in the Central Government released a restricted commodities catalogue, requiring exporters of the

[...]

products concerned to place guarantee deposits (the

[...] Guarantee ShadowMargin Accountrequirements) [...]

with the Bank of China.

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

(4) 在接近七月底時,中央政府商務部公布《限制類商品目錄》,規定 有關貨品的出口商向中國銀行 證金

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

Applications to

[...] open a TD Waterhouse Discount BrokerageMargin Accountto trade options must be reviewed and [...]

approved by our

[...]

Designated Registered Options Principal before we can accept your initial Option Order.

tdwaterhouse.ca

tdwaterhouse.ca

審 核 , 獲 批 准 後 , 我 們 方 會 接 納 您 的 首 個 期 權 指 令 。

tdwaterhouse.ca

tdwaterhouse.ca

In recent years, the State has introduced quite a number of new policies and regulations, including abolishing the export VAT rebate or lowering the rebate

[...]

rates, comprehensively implementing the

[...] Guarantee ShadowMargin Accountsystem for products [...]

under the restricted category in

[...]

processing trade, introducing stringent environmental protection requirements and the Labour Contract Law, levying various taxes and fees, such as the Tax on Land Use, the Embankment Tax, the Floating Population Deployment Fee and the Employment Protection Fund for the Disabled, and increasing the wages and benefits for employees, and so on.

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

近年,國家推出

[...] 了不少新政策法規,包括取消或降低商品出口退稅率,全面落實加工貿 易限制類金制度, 嚴格的環保法規,《勞動合同法》, [...]

徵收多項稅費如土地使用稅、堤圍稅、流動人口調配費、殘疾人就業保 障金,以及提高員工工資和福利待遇等。

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

With effect from 22 October 2012, themargin accountfinancing charge is reduced from P+2% to P+1% and the related account [...]

application fee is waived.

publicbank.com.hk

publicbank.com.hk

由2012年10月22日起,保證賬戶之借 貸收費會由P+2%減至P+1%,相關戶口之申請費用亦會豁免。

publicbank.com.hk

publicbank.com.hk

The practice of import tariffs on raw materials imported by Hong Kong businesses for processing trade being guaranteed by the bank, and that is, the "empty transfer" of the ShadowMargin Account,has been abolished.

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

內地實施加工貿易及退稅新政策,取消了多年來港商在內地加工貿易原 材料入口以銀行擔保進口稅,即台帳“空轉”的方式,將原材料的出口退稅 由 13%減至 11%,加上新政策限制四百多種原材料進口,令廠商入口有關原 材料,便必須即付 17%關稅,而加工貿易的產品在內地轉廠,須另繳付 18% 的增值稅,使廠商即時增加高達 35%的稅務成本。

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

As an example: a trader with

[...] $10,000 inamargin accountthat allows 100:1 [...]

leverage, would be able to purchase a maximum

[...]

of $1,000,000 in currency contracts (10 standard lots).

directfx.com

directfx.com

比如,一个交易者在100:1的杠杆率的 户里 置$ 10,000美元,那么他或她就可以购买最多为$1,000,000的货币合约(10个标准lots)。

cn.directfx.com

cn.directfx.com

The State has also introduced quite a number of new policies and regulations, including the cancellation or reduction of the commodities

[...]

export tax rebate, the full implementation

[...] of the ShadowMargin AccountScheme for prohibited [...]

commodities in the processing

[...]

trade, the introduction of stringent environmental protection laws and the new Labour Contract Law, as well as the levying of taxes and fees such as the tax on land use in municipalities, the management fee of foreign-invested enterprises, embankment fee, migrant population switching fee and the disabled person employment security fund.

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

近年來廣東省工資及原材料成本不斷上漲,國家出台

[...] 了不少新政策和新法規,包括取消或降低商品出口退稅率、切實執行加 工貿易限制金制度、 嚴格的環保法規、新《勞動合同 [...]

法》、徵收城鎮土地使用稅、三資企業管理費、堤圍費、流動人口調配 費、殘疾人就業保障金等稅費;監察方面則有勞動監察、環保監察;由

[...]

於查處力度不斷加強,令港商感到經營壓力大增。

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

While I believe that members of the industry will not adopt such an attitude, there may be

[...]

cases in which the operator tried in vain to contact the

[...] margin client, to suggest a liquidation of themargin account.

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

然而,我相信業內人士的態度不會 是這樣的。

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

(b) pooling securities belonging to margin clients, including “nonborrowing or low-borrowing” margin clients (i.e. those clients who borrow very little or not at all, but have a relatively large amount of securities in theirmargin accounts),and repledging the more liquid of such securities to banks in order to obtain bank loans.

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

(b) 將屬於保證金客戶的證券匯集起來,這包括“不借貸或低 度借貸”的保證金客戶(即只借入少量款項或完全不借入任 何款項但在保證金帳持有 相對大量的證券的客戶),以 及將該等證券㆗流通性較高的證券轉按予銀行,以取得銀 行貸款,用作支持其業務營運以及貸款予其他沒有可獲銀 行接納的證券作為貸款抵押品的客戶。

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

It is the customer's responsibility to monitor his/hermargin accountbalance. Gallant has the right to liquidate any or all open positions whenever a trader's minimum margin requirement is not maintained.

es.gcmfx.com

es.gcmfx.com

客户可以根据自己的需求选择较低的杠杆比例,一旦选定,客户必须随时关注仓位的变化及保持最低的保证金要求 ,否则高伦将有权在客户保证金不足时进行部份或全部的强制平仓。

gcmfx.cn

gcmfx.cn

Reporting The trading software tracks all trading activity in real time, allowing clients to view

[...]

current open positions, real-time

[...] profit and loss,marginavailability,accountbalances, and [...]

all historical transaction details directly on-screen.

es.gcmfx.com

es.gcmfx.com

结算:

[...] 交易软件实时统计所有的交易活动,可方便客户查看开立的头寸、实时的盈利与亏损、可用保证金 余额 账户 以及 所有其他交易记录等。

gcmfx.cn

gcmfx.cn

The Client undertakes to indemnify the Broker and its officers, employees and agents for any loss, cost, claim, liability or expense arising out of or connected with any breach by the Client of its obligations hereunder including, any costs reasonably and necessarily

[...]

incurred by the Broker in collecting and debts due to the Broker or in connection

[...] with the closure of themargin account(s).

pt123.com

pt123.com

客戶承諾償付經紀及其職員、僱員及代理人任何因客戶違背其在本合約之責任而引致或涉及之任何損失、費用、索償、

[...] 責任或開支;包括經紀於收取欠款或因結束保證金戶口而在合理及需 之情 況下引 起之任何 費用

pt123.com

pt123.com

If the Client commits a default in payment on demand of the deposits or margins or any other sums payable to the Broker hereunder, on the due date therefore, or otherwise fails to comply with any of the terms herein contained, without prejudice to any other rights the Broker

[...]

may have, the Broker shall have the right

[...] to close themargin account(s) without notice [...]

to the Client and to dispose of any

[...]

or all securities held for on and behalf of the Client and to apply the proceeds thereof and any cash deposit(s) to pay the Broker all outstanding balances owing to the Broker.

pt123.com

pt123.com

如客戶未能於經紀要求之限期前繳付按金或保證金,或任何本合約規定須付予經紀之款項,或未有遵行本合約之任何條

[...] 款,在不影響經紀可能享有的任何其他權利的情況下,經紀有權無須通知客 而結 束保 口, 並處 置任何或一切為 或代表客戶持有之證券,將出售所得款項及任何現金按金,用以清償一切未付還經紀之餘數,而清償之餘款須退還 予客 戶。

pt123.com

pt123.com

As there are no tax rebates for banned

[...] categories, the ShadowMargin Accountof the banned [...]

categories might turn from "empty transfer" to "real transfer".

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

進口這些原料及產品,企業要繳交調節稅、進口關稅,平均稅率通常已 超過 12%,再加上 17%增值稅,稅率可能高至

[...] 29%,而禁止類部分亦不能退稅, 限制類的銀行保證帳則能由 “空轉”轉為“實轉”,加工行業正面臨 [...]

停產的威脅。

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

No. If you have already set up a securities account (for Securities Trading) or a Forex & GoldMarginTradingaccount(for Forex & GoldMarginTrading) under your IntegratedAccount,you can use the same Hang Seng e-Banking User Name and Password to access Hang Seng Mobile [...]

Trading.

bank.hangseng.com

bank.hangseng.com

如 果 你 已 持 有 本 行 之 綜 合 並 已 開 立 附 設 之 證 券 戶 口 ( 用 於 證 券 交 易 ) 或 外 匯 及 黃 孖 展 戶 口 用 於 外 匯 及 黃 孖 展 易 ) ,你 便 可 以 用 相 同 的 恒 生 個 人 e-Banking 用 名 及 密 碼 進 入 恒 生 Mobile Trading。

bank.hangseng.com

bank.hangseng.com

You must first register for Hang Seng Personal e-Banking via a

[...]

personal computer and set up a

[...] securities account (for Securities Trading) or a Forex & GoldMarginTradingaccount(for Forex & GoldMargin Trading) online if you do not already have one.

bank.hangseng.com

bank.hangseng.com

你 必 須 首 先 使 用 個 人 電 腦 登 記 成 為

[...]

恒 生 個 人 e-Banking 用 戶 , 然 後

[...] 再 網 上 開 設 一 個 證 券 戶 口 以 用 於 證 券 交 易 ( 如 果 你 本 身 沒 有 本 行 的 證 券 戶 口 ) 或 外 匯 及 黃 孖 展 口 以 用 於 外 匯 及 黃 孖 展 易 ( 如 果 你 本 身 沒 有 本 行 的 外 匯 及 孖 展 ) 。

bank.hangseng.com

bank.hangseng.com

There must be sufficientmarginavailable in youraccountto cover an order at the [...]

time the order is placed.

tdwaterhouse.ca

tdwaterhouse.ca

( 須 承 利息費用) 在 發 出 交 易指令時,您賬戶內必 須有足夠應付交 易 的 保 證 金 。

tdwaterhouse.ca

tdwaterhouse.ca

These proposed levels of fines are the maximum the court can

[...] [...] impose on unauthorized developments. They also take intoaccountthe montly turnover and profitmarginof a typical container yard in the New Territories.

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

述建議的罰款額,是法庭對違例發展的最高判罰,其㆗已考慮到㆒個典型新 界貨櫃場每月的營業額及邊利潤

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

In order to keep a new position open, you

[...] must ensure theaccountequity exceeds the total MaintenanceMarginLevel.

plus500.com

plus500.com

為了保持為平倉狀態,您必須確保現 帳戶 產超 過維持保證金的級別要求。

plus500.tw

plus500.tw

It regretted the fact that no recommendations had been

[...] made regarding the law on police procedure, which gives a widemarginof discretion to police officers.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

它遗 憾的是,没有就警务程序法提出建议,这使警官有很大的斟酌决定余地。

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

Should your equity fall below the minimum amount, then,

[...]

Plus500 will

[...] automatically executeamargincall trade and close any open positions until youraccountequity exceeds the maintenancemarginlevel requirement.

plus500.com

plus500.com

如果您的資產低於最低維持保證金水平,則 Plus500 會自動執行追加保證金交易並將在倉部位全部平倉,直 您的 帳戶 資產 超過 維持保證金水平要求為止。

plus500.tw

plus500.tw

Regulatory measures proposed by members included setting a cap on the profit margin of self-financing programmes as a condition for the grant of start-up loans; specifying that the

[...]

amount of surplus

[...] exceeding the profitmargincap, if any, should be used for reduction or remission of tuition fees or scholarship; adopting uniformaccountingguidelines and [...]

method by institutions

[...]

for the calculation of tuition fee income, operating expenses and surplus; and making public the relevant financial information to enhance the transparency of the operation of the self-financing sector.

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

委員建議的規管措施包括設 定自資課程的邊際利潤上限,作為批出開辦課程貸款的條件; 指明超出邊利潤上限的盈餘 款額(如有的話),應用於調低或減 免學費或提供獎學金;取劃 一的會 計指 引及 方法計算學 費收入、營運開支及盈餘;以及公開相關的財務資料,從而提 高自資界別營運的透明度。

legco.gov.hk

legco.gov.hk

In view of the complexity of the functions

[...] [...] related to the occupational groups, the magnitude of the rosters, the levels of interaction with partners in the Organization and the need to mitigate themarginof error and the level of risk for the Organization, in particular, implications for the safety and security of staff and management of high-cost equipment, [...] [...]

the scope of the function requires personnel at the P-4 level.

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

由 于这些职业类的相关职能复杂,名册所列人员众多,与本组织各伙伴之间的互 动层次多级,需要降低误差范围和本组织面临的风险度,特别是对工作人员的 安全和安保及高成本设备的管理的影响,因此职能范围需要 P-4 职等人员。

daccess-ods.un.org

daccess-ods.un.org

The Commission agreed that the duration of a Codex session should be kept within seven days, including the pre-session

[...] [...] meetings of working groups, if any, in order to keep its proceedings well focused, ensure transparency, and facilitate effective participation of the members, with the understanding that a certainmarginof flexibility should be allowed, depending on the workload of each subsidiary bodies.

codexalimentarius.org

codexalimentarius.org

食典委同意,食典会议的持续时间应保持在七个工作日内,包括工作组的会前会 议(如果有的话),以便使其议事的重点集中,确保透明度,并促进成员的有效参与,但 应根据每一附属机构的工作量给予某 灵活 余地。

codexalimentarius.org

codexalimentarius.org