新不伦瑞克省,简称新省,是加拿大大西洋地区的一个省级行政区,全省人口为751,171人,英语和法语同为新不伦瑞克的官方语言,约65%的人口操英语、32%的人口操法语,是次于魁北克加拿大法语人口第二多的省份。新不伦瑞克也是加拿大唯一一个英法均为官方语言的省份,1993年加拿大宪法修正案确保了在新不伦瑞克省的英语人群和法语人群有着平等的社会权利。新不伦瑞克首府为弗雷德里克顿,最大的城市圣约翰。 收起展开详情 维基百科 �@ �@�B�e�� �[���j�O�|�@�D�W���^�B�k���y��a�C�����ѨӦ���S�����^�B�k�ޥ������v�I���A���b�Ĥ@���@�ɤj�ԫᲣ�ͪ��y���v�������e�N���A���g���[������A�[���j�F���]�O���j���\�Ҧb��ô�o�ӬF�������\�C �[���j���^�k���y�F���l�ͦۻy���v�����C�^�k���y�F���T�M������v�����M�ʡA������O�礣�֡C �[���j�O�@�Ӳ�������a�A�ذꤧ�ᦳ�ܦh���P��ơB�v�СB�M�رڭI�����H�f�ɯɲ����[���j�A�y���[���j�h��ƩM�h�y������a�M���|�C�^�k���y�F���E�Ҩ쥭���v�������D�ԡC ���g�פ屴�Q�[���j���^�B�k���y�F���C�����A²�z�[���j���^�k���y�F�����[�A�]�A����v�I���B�˪k���W�d�B�ߪk�W�d�B�M�q�k�������C�䦸�A�Q�^�k���y�F���Ҩ��쪺�D�ԡA�]�A�[���j�p����סB��a�ε��Τ@�M�ڸs�M�ӡB�����F���M�h����ƬF���B�M�D�^�B�k�y�ּƱڸs�惡�F�����D�ԡC���ۡA�H�y���v�M�����v�����ӰQ�ץ[���j���y���F���C�A���A�Q�ײĤT�y�������D�C �x�W�]���y���F�����ԡA�[���j���y���F���]�\��x�W�b�o�譱���Ԩ㦳�۷��ѦҪ����ȡC�b�����ا@�̱N���X�[���j���y���F���勵�b���P�Q�פ����x�W�y���F�����ҥܪ��ݪk�C �G�B�[���j���^�k���y�F�� �ҡ@���v�I�� ���b�Q���@����N���k�ꪺ�}�ݪ̨Ө�{���[���j���F�_���A1541�~�إߤF�Ĥ@�Ӧb�_���w���k��H�����C�b�Q�C�@����A�k��H��i�J�F�{����Quebec�١A�إߤF�ҿת��u�s�k��v(New France)�A1663�~Quebec�����k����ª��@�١C���ɭ^�ꪺ�դO�]�}�l�i�J�_���w�A�b�[���j���F���a�ϡA�^��P�k�ꪺ�դO�}�l�_�Ĭ�C�b�Q�K�@����A�ڬw�������~�ӾԪ����ܥ_���w�A�S�O�O���ꪺ�����~�ӾԪ���ϭ^��P�k��w�W�۹�C1756�~�z�o���u�C�~�Ԫ��v(Seven Year��s War)�]������Quebec�A���G�k��ԱѡA1763�~����q�ߡu�ھ������v(The Treaty of Paris)�A�^�ꦨ���{���[���j�F�_�����Ϊv����A�k��H���դO���J�^��H���⤤�C �^����o�Ϊv�v����A��ӬO�ĥΦP�ƬF��--�����k�ꪺ���k�M��F��t�A�N�k�y�ư��b��x�t�Τ��~�A���y�j�q�^�겾���M�ѤѥD���ର����е����A�Q��k�y�H(francophone)�P�Ƭ��^�y�H(Anglophone)�C���ɡA���ꪺ�ϭ^���R���p���p���a�i�}�A�M�D�[���j�k�y�H����U�M�X�@�A�@�P��½�^��Ϊv�C����o�ا��աA���F�M�D�k�y�H�����ۡA�^��F���E���ܨ�P�ƬF�����]�e�F���A�e�\�k��y���B�v�СB��ƩM�U�ب�ת��s�b�C�o�N�O�[���j�^�k���y�F�������_�A�o�ӬF���b1774�~���uQuebec�k�סv(Quebec Act)�����ŧi�C �^���|��1791�~�q�L�u�˪k�k�סv(Constitution Act)�NQuebec�������u�W�[���j�v(Upper Canada, �Y���餧Ontario��)�P�u�U�[���j�v(Lower Canada, �Y���餧Quebec��)�A�e�̤G�U�~���X�G�M�@��^�y�H�A��̩~�����Q�U�k�y�H�M�@�U�^�y�H�C�u�U�[���j�vij�|�b1792�~�l�}���Ĥ@���|ij�M�w�W�B�U��|ij�|�������ĥέ^�B�k���y�A�U�|���o���h�i������y�C �^�B�k���y���|�æs�����p�@�����w�L�ƨ�1837�~���u�U�[���j�v�ϧܨƥ�A�b���~�ѩ�Wij�|(Legislative Council)��Uij�|(House of Assembly)�������A�k�y�t���Uij�|�h�ƻ�SLouis Joseph Papineau�o�ʬF�������է�y�A�ɭP�ɤO�ƥ�C�^�ꪺ�������O�q�L1840�~���u�Τ@�k�סv(Act of Union)�A�N�W�B�U�[���j���X�b�@�ӬF�����U�A���ǥ��i�j�q�^�y�H�M�T��W�Uij�|�ϥΪk��C�M�Ӧb���~�A�U�[���j�H�f���Q�U�A�W�[���j�u���|�Q�U�A�k�y�H�f���e�h�ơC����g�L�Ʀ~���g��A�^��ı�o���ۮe���٬O�@�Ӥ���i�檺�F���C �ѩ�F���W�����R(�p���y�^�y�������I)�A��F1861�~�A�W�B�U�[���j�H�f�`�ơA�^�y�H�f���M�W�L�k�y�H�f�T�Q�U�H�A�^�y�H�n�Dij�|�u��̷ӤH�f��ҡA���|�S�ް_�k�y�H���j���ϼu�A�F���B�@�X�G���\�C���ѩ�Ӧ۬���ܭ^���¯١A�^�B�k�y�H����Q���ε��A1867�ѭ^���|�q�L���u�^�ݥ_���k�סv(British North America Act)�гy�F�u�[���j��v(The Dominion of Canada, ���F�즳���W�B�U�[���j��٥~�A�t�[New Brunswick �MNova Scotia��١A�䤤���w�[���j�O�ӭ^�B�k���y��a�C �A�@�˪k�W�d 1.�u�^�ݥ_���k�סv: ���k�O�[���j���Ĥ@���˪k�A�����ܭ^�y�ڸs�M�k�y�ڸs���u��ӫذꪺ�ڸs�v(two founding peoples)�A�ᤩ�o��ӱڸs�������k�w�a��( charter status)�C�����y�����W�w�p�U:
�o�DZ���T�߭^�B�k�y���������F���A����ҫO�٪��u�O����ػy���b��|�MQuebec��ij�|���ϥΡA�O�ܲ��W���y���F���A�ӥB�ͤ��W���u�y���v�v�������A�Ȧ���ƥ����������F�ޡC�b��q�Ӫk�ɡA�k�y�t���N���]����ij��133���Ĥ@���������G�ץΡu�o�v(may)�r�ӵL�O�C�q�P�����������M�Z���Ρu���v(shall)�r�A�i���j�ժ��^�y�t�H�ä��z�|�o�ӧ�ij�C���~�A�o�Ӫk����|�MQuebec��ij�|���~���y���v�@�r�����C�i3�j 2.1982�~�[���j�˪k�k��--�u�[���j�H�v�k�סv 1982�~�[���j�˪k�ץ��פ��@�Y�O�N�@�ӧ��㪺�u�[���j�H�v�k�סv(Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms�A�H�U²�١u�H�v�k�סv)�C���[���j�˪k���@�����C���k�צA�T�{�^�y�ڸs�M�k�y�ڸs���u��ӫذꪺ�ڸs�v�C���k�צ������Ժɪ��M�����ڳW�w�y���v�A���M���ɳo���O�˧諸���ߡA�ܤֹ�^�y�t���H�O�p���C�ѩ�o�DZ��ڹ����y���W�w�D�`�ԲӤ]�ܭ��n�A���N�o�DZ��ڦC�|�p�U:�i4�j
���~�����@�����O�A�u�[���j�˪k�A1982�v�ĥ|�Q�@���ĤT���βĥ|�Q�T���W�w�A�˪k�����^�y�M�k�y�ϥΪ��ק�A�b�p���A��ץ��ץ����g�L��|��|�M�Ҧ��٤��P�N; �b�U�١A��ץ��ץ����g�L��|��|�M�Ӭ�ij�|���P�N�C�o�ӳW�w�O�[���j�����y�̰��h�����k�߮ھڡA�]�����y�b�[���j�~�ƹ�X�G�O���i����ܪ��C�i5�j ���@�ߪk�W�d 1867�~���˪k�N�y���譱�T�M�ηN�}�n�A���å��p�w���a�F��ت��C�Ҧp�p���F���譱�å��Q�ξ˪k�ҽᤩ���v�O�ӫO�@�ּƱڸs�C�A�p�p���˪k�i�P�U�پ˪k���ۨ�Ū����w�]�O���~���A��ڤW�bQuebec�٤��~���k�y�ּƱڸs���v�Q�`���I�ǡA�]���U�ٯɯɦ��ϼu���ߪk�M��ʡA�ҦpPrince Edward Island�b1887�~�o���k�y���з|�ǮաABritish Columbia�٩MNew Brunswick�٤]��i�C1890�~Manitoba�ٰ���w��U�ѥD�оǮըøT��k�y�bij�|�M�k�|�ϥΡAOntario�٩�1912�~�T��p�߾ǮըϥΪk�y�C�i6�j�t�~�b�k�y���D��Quebec�٤]�]���y���v�����D���ǰʶáA�Ʀ����C�W�ߡA�ϥ[���j���Τ@�R���M���C ��F�G�Q�@���A���y�F���Ҳ��ͪ����D����ϼW�C�䤤�@�ӭȱo�S�O�@�����O�Ĥ@���@�ɤj�ԩM�ĤG���@�ɤj�Ԯɥ[���j���x�����D�C�[���j���x�x�X�G�M�@��ϥέ^�y�C�o�ر��p�Ϫk�y�H���@�q�x�A�ּƦb�x�����k�y�H�]���@�Q�����~�C���F�o�Ӱ��D�A�k�y���F�v��S�M�p�����ͫܤj�������A�Ʀܩڵ��ѥ[�p�X�F���CMcKenzie King���`�z�ɲ������p�Y���ӱĨ���ʡA�]�A����������M�X�ӳ����A�~�w�M�F�k�y�H�������C�i7�j ���~�A��|�]�q�L��@�ǥߪk�A�X�j���y���A�ȡA�Ҧp�b1934�~�ߪk�إ��p���F����½Ķ�A�ȡA�b1938�~�ߪk�d���p���F���b���ΤH���ɡA�p�Ӿ��c�ҪA�Ȫ��a�Ϧh�ƨϥέ^�Ϊk�y�A�ӳQ���Ϊ̥�����ϥθӺػy���C �M�ӻy���W�����D�o��q�Y���A�p���F���צb1960�~�즨�ߡu��a���y�M����Ʃe���|�v(Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism)�Ӭ�s�B�z�M�����ﵦ�C�өe���|�D�uAndre Laurendeau�b1965�~���X���i�A�{��������ƬF���M����Quebec��j���ۥD�v�O�Ѱ��M������k�C�i8�j �����[Laurendeau�h�@�A1968�~Pierre E. Trudeau�����`�z�A�L���M�Ϲ�������ƬF���A�{���y���v���O�٤~�O���D�����ߡA��̰���h�O�^�B�k�y���u�������v(equal partnership)���Y�C �bTrudeau�`�z���D�ɤU�A�p���F���b1969�~�q�ߩx��y���F���A��|�é~�q�L�u�x��y���k�סv(Official Languages Act)�A���X�y���F�����ߪk�A�䤺�e�]�A�F�u��a���y�M����Ʃe���|�v����ij�A��D�n�ت� �@�O�H�w��Quebec���k�y�H�A�ɱϪk�y�b�p���F����t�Q�ƥ������p�A�t�@�O�O���M�^�_�U���ت��^�y�Ϊk�y���ּƱڸs���v�q�C��W�w���n�I�p�U:�i9�j
���b1960�~�NQuebec�ٴN�b���C�u���R�����R�v(Quiet Revolution)�A�]�N�O�O�sQuebec����ơB�k�y�B�ѥD�ФΨ�L�ӬٯS�ʪ��B�ʡC�]��������Quebec�٪��H�j����ܭ^�y�ǮաA�v���P�ƤJ�^�y�����|�AQuebec�٦b1968 �~�Ĩ���L�̤��Q�����I�Ӥo�Ĭ�C�i10�j���~�A1972�~Quebec�٪��y�����i�o�{�k�y�M�k�y�H�b�g�٤譱���I�h��q�Y���C�]���A�p�����u�x��y���k�סv�å���o��Quebec�٪��{�P�C�i11�j �Ӭ٩�1974�~�q�LQuebec�٦ۤw���u�x��y���k�סv(�q��Bill 22)�A�D�n�ت��b���Ҫk�y�A�]����W�w�M�p�����k�����K�����j���٬ޡCQuebec�٥u�ӻ{�k�y�O�x��y���A�x����M���q�u�Ϊk�y�A��͡B�߮v�M��L�M�~�����q�L�k�y�ҸթM�{�ҡA�k�y�O�u�@�M�ӷ~���D�n�y���A�{�����Ш|���c���o�W�[�^�y�Ш|�C�i12�j Bill 22�@�X�A�~��Quebec�٪��^�y�t�H�ߨ�P�줣�w�A�^�y�t���Ӭɶ}�l�P�F�������A�æV�p���F���I���A���p���F�����F�קK�PQuebec���X�j�Ĭ�A�ä��వ�Ӧh�����A�u���y�M���ڵ��L�̥h�V�k�|�D�U�C 1976�~Quebec�٪����|�A�P�O���W��Parti Quebecois����Ӥ�����ܥ��[�F�A�q�L�u�k�y�k�סv(The Charter of the French Language, �q��Bill 101)�A�i13�j�j��k�y�b�F�����c�Bij�|�B�k�|�B�ǮաB�ӬɡB�Ҥu�ɵ��ϥΡA�øT��ӷ~�ݪO�ϥέ^�y�C�o�Ӫk�פ������ɤF�k�y�A�]�гy�F�@��s���k�y�Ӭɻ�S�A���P�ɤ]���ϭ^�y�t�H�E���A���X�j�^�y�t�M�k�y�t�H�������ءC�i14�j���[�[���j�̰��k�|�P�MBill 101�H�ˡA�Ӭٱ۩�1993�~�HBill 86�w�MBill 101�A���v�F���W�w���礽�q���s�i�M�b���@��q�t�Τ����s�i�u��Ϊk��A�p�H���q�ΰө���L�۵P�i�Ϊk��M�t�~�@�ػy��A���k�奲�������ءA�s�i�h�u��Ϊk��C �ѩ�Quebec�Ψ�L�U�٪��ϼu�M1982�~�u�H�v�k�סv���X�{�A�p���F���n���q�ơu�x��y���k�סv���ק�A�צb1988�~�ץ��q�L�s���u�x��y���k�סv(�q��Bill C-72)�C�o�ӷs�k�P��Ӫ����X�I���P:�i15�j
�ܩ�Quebec���~���U�٫h�{���p���F�����@Quebec�٬F�v�ۥD�ʩM�k�y���a��A�]�Ӭ۷������C�ѩ�o�Ǭ٥����k�y�H�f���֡A�W�å����ͤӤj�����D�C�i16�j �B�B�q�k���� �b1970�~�N�A�̰��k�|��y���v���������V�y���v�O�ӤH�{�P�B�����v�B�M���ϷP���i�ίʪ��n��A�]���i�N�䤺�[�����C�������A�̰��k�|��y���v�Ĩ��n�����J�M�X�j�������A�סC�i17�j ���u�[���j�H�v�k�סv�q�߫�A�̰��k�|���A���ͦV�O�u�A��N�N�u�y���v�v(language rights)�M�u�k���v�v(legal rights)�Ϥ��A�{���e�̬O�F�v�������A��̫h�O�쥻���B���諸�C�o�ذϤ����Φb�����W�N���V�U�q�A�L���U�٪��ߪk�A���Q��y���W�ּƱڸs���Q�q�C�Ҧp�bMacDonald V. City of Montreal et al. �@�פ��A�̰��k�|�{��1867�~�˪k��133���T�M���\��ةx��y��������@�ئb�k�|�{�ǨϥΡA�����å��W�w��س������ϥΡA�]���F���i���N��ܨ䤤���@�C�i18�j ���ּƱڸs���y���Ш|�v�W�A�̰��k�|���A�״N���y���v���n�D��n���C�Ҧp���{��Quebec�٪�Bill 101(�N�^�y���Ш|�v���������ο˱������^�y�Ш|���l�k)�H�ϡu�H�v�k�סv��23��(�O�٥���[���j�H�u�n�O�~���b�^�y�O�ּƱڸs���a�ϴN�����^�y�Ш|���v)�C���O���å��N�ּƱڸs���y���Ш|�v�{���O�@�ӰH�v�C�i19�j �T�B���y�F���ҭ��諸�D�� �ҡ@�[���j���p����� �[���j�}�ꪺ�˪k(1867�~BNA Act)����W�w�[���j�O���p�����a�A�p���F���M�U�٬F������ߪk�v�A���o���۫I�ǡC�Ш|�v�ݩ�U�١A�p���F���b�q�w�k�ߩM����y���v�ɤ��o�I�ǦU�٪��Ш|�v�C�i20�j�b�p����U�A�p���F�����M����R�O�Ϋ����U�١C�o�dzW�w���p���y���F���b�����I���@�P�ʾD�J�x���C �A�@��a�ε��Τ@�P�ڸs�M�� �y�����Ĭ�T�M�O�o�ͦb�U�a��M��`�ͬ��ءA�����@���\�椣�F����ʪ��`�N�O�A�]�L�i�קK�a�o�A���a�ε��Τ@�����D�C���F���v�I���~�A�[���j�p�����y���F���쥻�N�O�]����a�ε��Τ@�����D�h��ҩM��w���C�[���j�p�����y���F���@���O�`�N���Quebec�٩ҳy���������A�P�ɤ]�`�N��^�y�t�H�M�賡�٥����Ϲ�A�y�@���V�i��y����a�����C��ӫD�^�B�k�y�t���H�f�W�[�A�S���o���[�J�ڸs�M�Ӫ��Ҷq�C Quebec�٤w�g�|��⦸�����[���j�p���������벼�A�ĤG�����벼���G�X�G�q�L�W�ߡA��[���j�p�����s�b���ͫܤj���¯١C�i21�j���pTrudeau�`�z�һ��A���D�^�y�P�k�y�P�ɳQ�����M�ӻ{���[���j���x��y���A�[���j�L�k�~��s�b���@�Ӱ�a�C ���@�����F���P�h����ƬF�� �[���j�O�Ӳ�����a�A�p�G�n�O�����`���H�f�����M�A�����H�O���šA�[���j�C�~�������Ǭ۷��ƶq�������A�����C�~�������H�f�e���[���j�H�f���ʤ����@�C�ӳo�Ƿs�����a�Ӥ��֭^�B�k�y���~���y���M��ơC�b���P�ɡAQuebec�٤��~���k�y�t�H�f�@�����b�U���A�S�O�O�bNewfoundland�BSaskatchewan�BAlberta�B�MBritish Columbia���١C �u�H�v�k�סv��16�����o�ܲM���A��16����23�����ηN�O�b�O�@�^�y�P�k�y��ءu�y���v�A�Ӥ��O�O�@Quebec���k�y��Ʃ�Ontario���k�y��ơC�ӭn�O�@�u�y���v�����O�@���ƪ��ϡC�ѩ�j�q�������A�[���j���H�f���c�w���ͷ��j�����ܡA�k�y��Ƥ]�w�ͦs�b���P�ڸs���h����Ƥ����A�Ӥ��u�O�bQuebec��Quebec���~���k�y�H�����a�C �u�H�v�k�סv��27 ���W�w�u���k�ת����������P�O�s�M�[�j�[���j���h����ƶDzάۤ@�P�v�C���@�W�w�b�����W�i��P���y�믫���ͥ٬ޡA�b��ڰ���W�]�����֪��x���C�i22�j �B�@�D�^�B�k�y�ּƱڸs���v�Q �u�H�v�k�סv��23 ���Ĥ@���W�w�u�[���j�������A�Ҳ߱o�Τ��F�Ѫ��Ĥ@�ػy���O�L�̩ҩ~�����٥����^�y�Ϊk�y�ּƱڸs�y���A�����v�b�Ӭ٪��p�ǩM���ǨϥL�̪��l�k�����ӻy���Ш|�v�C�M�ӳ\�h�������l�k�P�ɾDz߭^�B�k��ػy���A�]���\�h�ڥ����Dz߳o��ػy���C�L�̪��u�ּƱڸs�y���Ш|�v�v�S�O�p��O? �ҿסu�Ĥ@�ػy���v�y�j���ԡA�̰��k�|�bMaher v. A.G. Alberta �@�ױN���������u����x��y�������@��(�Y�^�y�Ϊk�y��)�A���]�A��L�y���C ���~�A�u�H�v�k�סv��15���Ĥ@���W�w�u�b�k�ߤ��e�P���U�H�H�����A�æ��v���k�ߥ������O�@�M�Q�q�A��������[���ר�O�رڡB��a�αڸs�ӷ��B����B�v�СB�ʧO�B�~�֡B�κ믫�Ψ����ê�W���[���v�C�ĤG���W�w�u�e���W�w���ư�����H��z�խӤH�ι��骺�H�լ��ت��k�ߡB�p�e�ά��ʡA�ר�O�رڡB��a�αڸs�ӷ��B����B�v�СB�ʧO�B�~�֡B�κ믫�Ψ����ê�Ҳ��ͪ��H���v�C�i23�j �o�DZ��ڦp�G�Y��������|�M�y�����ڥ٬ޡC �|�B�y���v �ҡ@�y���v���ӷ� �Ĥ@���@�ɤj�ԧ��ܤF�\�h��a���ʤg�M��ɡA�즳���y�����ϳQ���J�s������ءA�y���\�h�ּƱڸs���y���a��B�ǮձШ|�B�M�g�٤W�����D�C������H�D�i�H�j�O�P�ƬF���ӭ���o�ǰ��D�A����ҩ��O�L�Ī��C�s���Q�k�O�ӻ{�M�վ��a�����c�ӭ���o�ǰ��D�C�@��Ǫ̻{���o�ӷs���Q�k�N�O�u�y���v�v���ӷ��C �A�@�y���v���[�q �y���v���[���P���@�������z������(�p�ۥ��v�B�����v����)���P�A���O�Ӧ۳B�z�ꤺ�U�ڸs���M��ڶ��M�Ӫ����D�Ӳ��ͪ�����C�]���y���v���[�q�U��ä��@�P�C �[���j�����v�I����ܡA�^�B�k��ػy�����DzάO�ѨӤw�[���A��Ĥ@���@�ɤj�Ԧ��F150�~�H�W�C�u�[���j��a���y�M������Ʃe���|�v��u�y���v�v���w�q�p�U:
���Ǫ̱N�y���v������Ӽh��:�i25�j 1.�ɦV�e�Ԫ��v�Q(toleration-oriented right)�C�o���v�Q�P�ۥ��v�P�q�A�Y�����z�w���v�Q�C�o���v�Q�u�n�D�F�����o�����b�p�H���X���ϥΡC��o���v�Q�A���|���d���O�T��]�ߪ[�����ߪk�C 2.�ɦV���Ҫ��v�Q(promotion-oriented right)�C��o���v�Q�F���������X������ӿաA��D�n�O�w��F�����c�ɪ��ϥΡC�o�ؤS�i�����u�j�����ҡv(strong)�M�u�z�����ҡv(weak promotion)�C�e�̪��ت��h�b�O�٨ϥθӻy���̯�H�ӻy���ͬ��A�ҥH�n���ߪk�j���b���P�p�譱���ϥΡC��̫Y���F���H��ʨӴ��ѬF�����y���A�ȩM���y�@�ػy�����ô��s�b�C ���@�y���v�O�_���H�v �u�H�v�v�i�w�q�����@�ҷǪ��D�w�v�Q�A�Ҧ��H���B����a��A����ɶ������Ӧ����F��A�p�G�N����ܷ|�Y���I�`���D�C�o�ӡu�F��v���Ӧ��зǥ[�H�˩w�CMaurice Cranston ���X�F�T�Ӽз�:�i26�j �Ĥ@�A���n��: ����H�����ͩR�O�������n���C �ĤG�A��ک�: ���O�ƹ�U�i�H�{���M���Ѫ��F��C �ĤT�A���@��: ���O�Ҧ��H�b����ɶ��M���p���i�����C ���~�A�H�v����[�Ѩ�L�H�ξ����۹諸�q�ȥH�K�T�O�o���v�Q���s�b�C �ھڥH�W���зǨ�����A�y���v�O�_���H�v�C�����A�������n�ʡC�y���Ǯa�B���|�ǡB�M�߲z�Ǯa�@�P�{���A�y���O�ӤH�B��ƶDzΡB�M���|���֤ߡC���@�ӹ��餤���@�ӥ��l�A�y���㦳�߲z�W�����n�ʡC�λy���Ӫ��F���骺�ݩʬO�ӤH�P����i�ƩM�������L�{�C�]���A�y���b�w�q�ӤH���{�P�B��ƩM���骺�ݩʤW�O�������n���CKymlicka ���X�A�y���M���v�O�H�����D�ۤw�����n�ʩM�ۤw�i������ܪ��C���A�b�M�w�ۤw�N�L�ۤ��ͬ��ɡA�o�O�����M�w�����M����C�i27�jConklin�{���y���v�O�C�ӤH�n���Ħ�Ϩ�L�U�ػP��H���L���������H�v���D�n����C�i28�j �]���y���`�O�ּƱڸs����Ʊq�ݷP�����ߡA�y���v�i���O�O�@��ƪ��ּƱڸs��ɦ��M�h�Ʊڸs�b���|�W��ɦ����������i�ʤ֪��@�����C ���M�ܦh�H�A�]�����|�M�g�٤W����]�ӳ߷R�L�ؤ�ơA��ܦP�ƩP�y�������|�C���O���Ҿ���ܡA�p�G�L�̩��ݪ��ּƤ�Ư���O�s�A�o�ǤH��b�ӤH���o�i�W��o��j�����N�A�ï�b���|�إR���a�l����ƥͬ��CBrazeau ���X�A�b�L�̪��ͬ����ϥΤ��P�y�����H�|�ɭP�L�̹�ۤw���ʮ檺���F���쭭��C�i29�j �䦸�A������کʡC�̰_�X���y���v�O�F���������u�e�Ԫ��v�Q�v���[�H�z�w�A�o�ر��p�q�`�O�b�ۦ���Ϊ��y�������ةΦb�p�����X�ϥΡC�A���@�h���O�O�s�@�ػy���A�]�N�O�W�z���u�z�����ҡv�C�b�g�ٵo�F�����|�A�o�ر��p�O�i�檺�C �p�G�@�ػy���O���G��U�a�A�S�����㪺�ɽu�M���E�O�A�n�ӻ{�ϥΨ��ػy���O�@���v�Q�A�F�������n���u�j�����ҡv�A���@�o���v�Q�����|�����]�ܤj�C�ܩ�b�o�˪����p�U�A��_�ӻ{��y���v�N�������Ӯצөw�F�C�y���O���G��U�a�����p�U�A�Y�ϬO�u�j�����ҡv�A�F���]�u��U��ӻy�����O���A�ӵL�k�O�Ҩ���[�s�b�C �̫�����y���v�O�_�㦳�u���@�ʡv�C�@�Ө嫬���B�㦳���@�ʪ��H�v�O�u�Q�H�ʪ��ݹJ���v�v(humane treatment, �]�N�O�D�ݻŪ��D�@)�C�p�N�y���v�P�o�ؤH�v�۹�ӡA�ܮe���ݥX���ʥF�u���@�ʡv�C���p�@�ӹC�Ȥ���b�L�ҮȦ檺�a��n�D�y���v�A�άO�@�ӷs������@�ӷs��a�]����n�D�y���v�C�o�O�]���p�G���}�Y�ػy�����ϨϥΨ��ػy���O�S���N�q���A�o�]�O�y���v����ѥͩүʥF���u���@�ʡv�C�i30�j �t�~�A���v�Q�N���q�ȡA��̬O���ۥ٬ީM�ƥ����C�p�G�Y�Ҧ��Y�ػy���v�A����Y�A�O�_���q�ȨϥάY�Ҫ��y���P�Y�ҽܩO? �q�W�z�A�㦳�u�j�����ҡv�ʪ��y���v�O���i��s�b���C�u�z�����ҡv�ʪ��y���v�h�b�Y�DZ��p�U�O�i�s�b���C�[���j�p�����y���F���һ{�w���y���v�O�ݩ�u�z���Ҫ��v�Q�v�A��Quebec�٪��u�x��y���k�סv(Bill 101)���y���v�h�ݡu�u�j���Ҫ��v�Q�v�C�u�e�ԩʪ��v�Q�v�b�[���j�U�a���s�b�C �B�@�y���v�O�ӤH�v�άO�����v �ҿסu�ӤH�v�v�O���C�ӤH���i�H�u�H�v�����A�Ϊ̥�����Ƥ��������A�ӥi�D�i���v�Q�A��L���H���q�Ȥ��z�Z�o���v�Q�A�Ҧp���צۥ��v�C�y���v�O�@�حӤH�v�A�]���o���v�Q�i�H�ӤH�D�i�A�]�i�H�ӤH�Ӧ�ϡC �ҿסu�����v�v�O���ݩ���骺�v�Q�A�o�ӹ��饲�����䤺�b�����E�ʡA���[���s�b�A�H�ι�ӹ���s�b���ӿթM�I�X�C�o���v�Q�����O�����Ϫ��A�Ӧb����o���v�Q�O�_�Q��ܮɡA�������綰��ʦӫD�ӧO�ʪ���ܡC �y���v�]�i�H�O�@�ض����v�A���P�u�F�v�������v�v�i31�j���P���O�A:�y���v�O�u��誺�����v�v�A�P��ƾ��骺�O�s�����A�ҥH�]�O�u����v�v�A�ӡu����v�v�S�o�A��\�h�P��ƪ��ͦs���������D�A�p�y���v�B�v���v�B�k�߳W�d�B�M���n����Ƭ��ʵ����C Van Dyke ���X�@�M�ӻ{�����v���зǥi�ѰѦҡC�@�ӹ���V���U�C������A�䶰���v���D�i�N�V�j:�i32�j
���@�y���v�������P�[���j���y���F�� �[���j���b�ذꤧ�e�N���^�B�k���y�s�b���ƹ�A�u�^�ݥ_���k�סv�N���ƹ�k��ơC��133���t�ܦb��|�MQuebecij�|�M�k�|�A��ܭ^�y�Ϊk�y���ӤH�v�A���Y�满�A���å����ܿ�ܻy���O�@�ءu�v�Q�v(right)�A�ӥu�O�@�ءu���v(entitlement)�C�u���N�y���w���u�v�Q�v���O1982�~���u�[���j�H�v�k�סv�A��d��]�A�p���F���H���y�A�ȡB�ּƻy�����Ш|�B�M���d�M���|�A�ȤT�譱�C �p�����ߪk�A�@�譱�{�w�y���v�O�ӤH�v�A�t�@�譱�]�{�w�䬰�����v�C���ѩ����H(������^�B�k�y�t���H)�������v�Q�A�ҥH��ڤW�O�y�������A�ӫD���骺�������o�v�Q�C�M�ӳo�ëD�N�צ�����ҥN�����O�����v�C�ѩҥ]�A���d���A���|����ٱo�W�O�ӤH���y���v�C�i33�j�̩��㪺�����v���{�w�O�����ѥD�оǮձШ|���v�CQuebec��Bill 101�]�O�Ķ����v���믫�C�b�Y�DZ��p�U�A�����v�i��M�ӤH�v�Ĭ�C�Ҧp�bBritish Columbia�@�ҤѥD�бз|�Ǯժ��k�Ѯv�����@�����B���H�A�ӳQ�Ǯն}���A��]�O�o�H�I�F�ѥD�Щҭn�D���D�w�ҽd�C��M�ѥD�бз|�Ǯժ��Ш|�����v�I�`�F�o��k�Ѯv���ӤH�ۥ��v�C�i34�j ���B�����v �ҡ@�����v���[�q �����O���F�v��Q�ؤ@�Ӥ[�Q�Q�ת����D�COxford�r���u�����v���w�q���T�Ӽh��:
�ھڳo�T�Ӽh�����w�q�A�Ĥ@�A���C�ӤH�ҫ������q�O�۵��ɡA�N�O�����C�ĤG�A���C�ӤH�b�ۦP���ߨ��I����۵����L���ɡA�N�O�����C�ĤT�A���C�ӤH���줽���B�A����Ҫ��ݹJ�ɡA�N�O�����C�ĤT�I�]�t���A�u�n�O�ھڰ�������h�A�Y�ǵ{�ת��������O�i��A�]���ҿסu�A����ҡv�״N�O���b�Y�ؼзǪ��Ŷq��¦�W�����ê����t�A�]�N�O�@��`�����u���|�������v�A�Ӥ����G�ΧQ�q�������C �A�@�����v����h ���@�إ�����h�Q�٬��u�z��������h�v�A�Y���D���S�����z�ѦӦ����P���ݹJ�A�Ҧ����H�������������ݹJ�C�i35�j�o�ǯS�����z�������@�w���зǡA�Y������B�X�z���зǡB�M�ۥѡC�u������v�O�P�˪��欰���P�˪���Ų�A���O�֡C�u�X�z���зǡv�O�b���欰����Ų�ɡA�Ҧ��������Q�q���n�Ҷq�C�u�ۥѡv�O�L���ӤH����ܪ��ۥѡC �t�@�إ�����h�O���u�Q�q�������Ҷq�v�A�]�N�O�b�M�w�F���ɡA�Ҧ��H���Ҧ��Q�q������Ҷq�C�J�O�����Ҷq�N�����O�۵����Q�q�C�i36�j �Y��Ө��A�y���D�������A�����D��C�����A�����D��������Q�q�A�Ϊ̬O�b�M�w�O�_�����ɦ��i���Ѫ��Q�q�i�`�C�ӤH����a�O�����y���������D��A���o�ӭӤH�����T�w��@�ӻy�����餧���C�]���A�q�w�y���������a��N�O�ϬM���|���P�y�����骺���n�ʡC �ӤH�T�M�O�����嫬���D��A����]�i��O�������D��C���O���ɬ��F���骺�����|�묹�ӤH�������A�o�ؽ��������p�b�y�������W��O�x���C ���@�����v�P�[���j���y���F�� �[���j�y���������i�����T��: �k�ߦa�쪺�����B�A�Ȫ������B�M�ϥΪ������C �k�ߦa�쪺�����P�����L������h�۲šA�����L�k�����ߤ@���y�������A�]���k�ߦa�쪺�����ҽᤩ���Q�q�O�H�x�ʪ��A�u���F�����c���A�ȷ|��ܥ��A�@��j�����H����C �A�Ȫ����������ӤH�������P���`��A���O�å��ѨM���o���a¾�쪺���������|�C ��M�A�b���y�F���U�������O���^�y�P�k�y�������A�P�u�k�ߤW�������v�v�L�z�C�i37�j�^�y�t�H�M�k�y�t�H��y���������v���M��ij���_�A�^�y�t�H�һ{�����y�������v�O�ӤH���������A�Ӫk�y�t�H�һ{�����O�^�B�k��ػy�����|���������C�i39�j New Brunswick�٪��x��y���k�ץH�O�ٻy���v�������D�W�A����ҫO�٪��O�^�B�k��ػy�������������M�ɨ��F�����y�A�Ȫ������A�O�@�ثP�ϭ^�B�k��ػy���v�Q�����������C�[���j�p�����y���F���M�U�٪��y���F���ϬM�y�����������P�[���M���P�����G�C ���B�ĤT�y�����a�� �ҡ@������y�� �b1960�~�N�A���x��y���ߪk���Q�k�Q���X�ɡA�D�^�B�k�y�t���ڸs(�]�A�[���j������M����)�]�����L�̪��y���Q�ӻ{���D�i�A���å����\�C ������Ҵ��X���D�n���I���j�P�p�U:<39>
������ڸs�j�|(The Assembly of First Nations)�V�F���Ҵ��X������n�D���p�U�C:
�o�ǭn�D�����D�ԥ[���j���^�B�k�y�k���y�F���C�o�ǭn�D�T�M�w��y���������D�W���������A����F���ҭn�D������ä�������A�Ҧp������y����53 �ؤ��h�A�O�_53�إD�C�J�O�@? ����������I�M�n�D���X��]����@�Ǥϻ�C�ھ�1991�~�[���j���H�f�`�լd�������ܡA�[���j��������`�H�f�u��116,000 �e�����`�H�f��0.42%(1981���լd�O108,620 �e0.5%)�A�䤤��50,650�H�ϥέ�����̦h�ϥΪ�Cree�A�ȥe�[���j�`�H�f��0.18%�C�ϥΪk�y�̬����^�y���|�����@�A���PCree����A�k�y�O����100���H�W�C ���~�A��������H�f�����|�����T�ϥέ^�y�Ϊk�y�A�Өϥέ�����y�����H�f�����~�֦b40���H�W; 53 �ح�����y���u��Cree�AOjibwa�A�M Inuktitut�T�سQ�{�����~����[�s�b���i��C�j�h�ƭ�������p�ġA���F������y�����оǽҵ{�~�A�֦����|�P��Dzλy�����ұ�IJ�C���ǭ�������a���b���Ĥl��ܲĤG�y���ɤ��������y�ӿ�k�y�C�i41�j ���W�z��ơA����̻{��������y���L�k�n�D�M�^�B�k�y�������ݹJ�C�t�~�A����̤]���X�A�b���|�W���������ݹJ���H�f���u�O������A�Ҧp�ݻ٪̩M�h�a�̤]�O�C�ӨëD�Ҧ��ּƱڸs���������D�J��P�˪����������ҡA�ҥH�n�S�O�Ҽ{���U���O�Ҧ��������̡A�Ӥ��O�Y�ӤּƱڸs�C�i42�j �ѩ������H�f���}�֡A������y���å����o�˪k�W���p���h���k�ߤW�P�^�B�k�y�P�����a��A��������F�v����b�\�h�˪k��Ӯɤ]����y�������D�����D�n���ͧPij�D�C���b���|�W�w�������n���{������������p�������u�S�����ӻ{�v�C �b�p���H�U���h�����p���Ҥ��P�C�b1988�~���u�[���j�H�v�k�סv�X�ӫ�A���H���k�y�ϥΤH�f�u���[���j�`�H�f5%���ƹ�A�V�k�|�i�D�n�D������y���]�n�����a��C��~��u��_�ݦa�x��y���k�סv(Northwest Territories Official Languages Act)�תk�NChipewyan�ACree�ADogrib�AGwich��in�AInuktikut�A�MSlavey�����ح�����y�����a�촣�ɦܻP�^�B�k�y�P�����a��C�i43�j Quebec�٪�Bill 101�]���\Cree, Inuktitut, �MNaskapi�T�ػy���b�O�d�Ϥ��ϥΡA�éӻ{Cree�MInuktitut�b�ݦa���ӤH�M���q���v�Q�C�b�Ш|�譱�ACree�MInuktitut�C���оǻy���A�k�y�h�C���оǽҵ{�C�i44�j Ontario�٬F���]�W�w�u�n��15��H�W���ǥͭn�D�A������y���N�C�����B�p�Ǫ��оǽҵ{�C �ܩ�F�����A�ȡA�]���ϥέ�����y�����H�f�Ӥ֦ӵL�k���ѡC���bNunavut Territories�A������N�F�����A�Ȧa��ơA�]�N�O�ѭ�����۪v�F���ӳB�z�A�b�k�|�ش��ѭ�����y�����qĶ�M�ϥέ�����y�����U�ذ��d�M���|�A�ȡA�ä��������y�����s���`�ءC �A�@��L�ĤT�y��(�����y���ζDzλy��) �[���j�O������a�A�����a�Ӥ��֪��y���M��ơC���O�����L�k�n�D��������y���@�˪��u���g�a��v�C�]���b�Ҷq�������y���v�ɥ����Τ@�M���P���зǡC�@��ӻ��A���T�Ӽз�:�i45�j
�ثe�S���@�ز����y���ŦX�x��ӻ{���зǡA�L�k�ɦ��^�B�k��ػy���Ҩɦ����u���Ҫ��v�Q�v�A���ɦ��u�e�Ԫ��v�Q�v�C�b�L�h�G�Q�~�ӡA�U�ŬF�����P�O���y�����Ш|�C1971�~�AAlberta�ٲĤ@�ӱN�D�^�B�k��ػy���C�����߾Ǯժ��оǽҵ{�C�bManitoba, Saskatchewan, �MAlberta�����Q�J���y/�^�y�B����/�^�y�B�w�y/�^�y���������y�оǡC1988�~�_�A�bOntario�٥u�n��25��H�W�ǥͮa�����n�D�Y�i�������y���оǡC�F���٥��o�譱���V�O���t�C�`�A�Ө��A�U�ŬF���ﲾ���y���w�V�ũM���u���Ҫ��v�Q�v�b�i��C�i46�j �ܩ�[���j�`���f�����u�h����ƬF���v�å��`�N�H���һy�����ت��ӫO�s������ơA�٬y��y�����t���ʽ�A�䤤�@�ӥD�n��]�O�ȡu�h����ƬF���v�i������y�F���Ҳ��ͪ��v�T�C�i47�j �C�B���� �[���j���^�B�k���y�F���D�n�O���v���I���ҳy���A��D�n���ت��]�O�b��ô�ѭ^�B�k�y�t��رڸs�Ҳզ�����a���ε��M�Τ@�C�[���j�p�����y���F���O���{�ꪺ�A�ӫD����h���Ҷq�A�ۦpTrudeau�`�z�һ��A
�u�^�ݥ_���k�סv�T�߳o�ӬF������V�A�H�ۮɶ������u�M���|���ܾE�A�o�ӬF�����ʽ�M���e�]�H�ۧ��ܡC1969�~���p���F����q���u�x��y���k�סv�ä��O�ھڻy���v���z�סA�ӬO����B�ȹ�B�M��a�ε��Τ@���Ҷq�C�o�Ӫk�שҽᤩ���O�u�y�����v�A�Ӥ��O�u�y���v�v�C �u�����w�u�y���v�v���O1982�~���u�[���j�H�v�k�סv�C��ӭq���p���u�x��y���k�סv�[�H���T�ơB����ơB�M����ơC�]���y���v�ʥF�u���@�ʡv������A�A�[�W�[���j���|�ت��Ѧh�]���A�p�p����B�^�B�k�y�t�������B��������v�q�B�����F���B�h����Ƶ����Ҳ��ͪ����O�A�n�ϥ��������u�ۥ��v�v�@�˪��H�v���ȬO�x�����C���O�p�G�ڭ̱N�y���v�h���ơA�ڭ̥i�H���[���j���^�B�k���y�F�������o��ػy���u�z���Ҫ��y���v�v�C�ܩ�[���j������M�����Ҫ������y���v�u���O�u�e���v�v�A�L�k���ɨ�^�B�k��ػy�����h���C �p�G�ڭ̥Υ[���j�����p�Ӭݥx�W�A�x�W�P�[���j�����������a��A�p��j�ڸs���s�b�A�h�ػy�����s�b�A��������s�b�����C���]�����j�����P�a��A�p�x�W�S���p����M���������D�C�x�W���u��y�v���F���A�b�o�ӬF�����U�A��L�y���ƨ������A�ר�O����ҲΪv���ɥN�A�x�y(�֨лy�B�Ȯa�y�B������y)�Ʀܳs�u�e�ԩʪ��v�Q�v���S���C�]���y���P�ӤH��`�ͬ��B�u�@���ҡB�ͲP�W���������K�������Y�A�p�G��a�S���A�����F���A�y�����D�㦳��b���z���ʡA�x�W���ڸs���D�P�y�����D���K���i�������Y�C �x�W�F�����ӥߨ�����˰Q�P�y���������k�ߩM�k�߱���A�üo���u��y�v���F���A�ӱĥΡu�x��y���v���F���A�T�ߴX�ةx��y���]�x�W���ĴX�ةx��y���A���b����z�d���^�A�ðѦҥ[���j���F���A�b�������X�A�H�H���i�ϥΨ�ҿ�ܪ��x��y���A�]�i�W�w�F�����c��¾���M¾�쪺�y���n��A�@�ǬF�����A�Ȥ]�n���ѩx��y�����A�ȡA�H�F���I�u�x��y���v���F�����ت��C �ܩ����������p�A�x�W�]�i��˥[���j������������y�����I�A�H�L���M�u�۪��A�רӫO�@���̡C�p�G�F����y�����������O�@�F���A���ͦs�P�_�A����۵M�A�F���~������d���C <�����@> �[���j�˪k(1867)�����Ш|�v���大��� 93. In and for each Province the Legislature may exclusively make Laws in relation to Education, subject and according to the following Provisions:--
<�����G> �[���j�˪k(1867)�����^�B�k�y���ϥ����大��� 133. Either the English or the French Language may be used by any Person in the Debates of the Houses of the Parliament of Canada and of the Houses of the Legislature of Quebec; and both those Languages shall be used in the respective Records and Journals of those Houses; and either of those Languages may be used by any Person or in any Pleading or Process in or issuing from any Court of Canada established under this Act, and in or from all or any of the Courts of Quebec. The Acts of the Parliament of Canada and of the Legislature of Quebec shall be printed and published in both those Languages. <�����T> �[���j�˪k(1982)�����y���������� Official Languages of Canada16.(1) English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and government of Canada. (2) English and French are the official languages of New Brunswick and have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to the use in all institutions of the legislature and government of New Brunswick. (3) Nothing in this Charter limits the authority of Parliament of a legislature to advance the equality of status or use of English and French. 16.1 (1) The English linguistic community and the French linguistic community in New Brunswick have equality of status and equal rights and privileges, including the right to distinct educational institutions and such distinct cultural institutions as are necessary for the preservation and promotion of those communities. (2) The role of the legislature and the government of New Brunswick to preserve and promote the status, rights and privileges referred to in subsection (1) is affirmed. 17.(1) Everyone has the right to use English or French in any debates or other proceedings of Parliament. (2) Everyone has the right to use English or French in any debate and other proceeding of the legislature of New Brunswick. 18.(1) The Statutes, records and journals of Parliament shall be printed and published in English and French and both language versions are equally authoritative. (2) The Statutes, records and journals of New Brunswick shall be printed and published in English and French and both language versions are equally authoritative. 19.(1) Either English or French may be used by any person in, or in any pleading in or process issuing from any court established by Parliament. (2) Either English or French may be used by any person in, or in any pleading in or process issuing from any court of New Brunswick. 20.(1) Any member of the public of Canada has the right to communicate with, and to receive available services from, any head or central office of an institution of the Parliament or government of Canada in English or French, and has the same right with respect to any other office of any such institution where
(2) Any member of the public in New Brunswick has the right to communicate with, and to receive available services from, any office of an institution of the legislature or government of New Brunswick in English or French. 21.Nothing in sections 16 to 20 abrogates or derogates from any right, privilege or obligation with respect to the English and French languages, or either of them, that exists or is continued by virtue of any other provision of the Constitution of Canada.(13) 22.Nothing in sections 16 to 20 abrogates or derogates from any legal or customary right or privilege acquired or enjoyed either before or after the coming into force of this Charter with respect to any language that is not English or French. Minority Language Educational Rights23.(1) Citizens of Canada
(2) Citizens of Canada of whom any child has received or is receiving primary or secondary school instruction in English or French in Canada, have the right to have all their children receive primary and secondary school instruction in the same language. (3) The right of citizens of Canada under subsections (1) and (2) to have their children receive primary and secondary school instruction in the language of the English or French linguistic minority population of a province
59.(1) Paragraph 23(1)(a) shall come into force in respect of Quebec on a day to be fixed by proclamation issued by the Queen or the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada. (2) A proclamation under subsection (1) shall be issued only where authorized by the legislative assembly or government of Quebec.(28) (3) This section may be repealed on the day paragraph 23(1)(a) comes into force in respect of Quebec and this Act amended and renumbered, consequentially up the repeal of this section, by proclamation issued by the Queen or the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada. <�����|> �[���j�˪k(1982)�����˪k�ק�{�����大��� 41. An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to the following matters may be made by proclamation issued by the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada only where authorized by resolutions of the Senate and House of Commons and of the legislative assemblies of each province:
42. (1) An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to the following matters may be made only in accordance with subsection 38(1):
(2) Subsections 38(2) to 38(4) do not apply in respect of amendments in relation to matters referred to in subsection (1). 43. An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to any provision that applies to one or more, but not all provinces, including
44. Subject to sections 41 and 42, Parliament may exclusively make laws amending the Constitution of Canada in relation to executive government of Canada or the Senate and House of Commons. 45. Subject to section 41, the legislature of each province may exclusively make laws amending the constitution of the province. �ժ������֡@�^�B�k�y�ּƱڸs���G���p�]1996�^
�ѦҤ��m
���� �i1�j�j�N�p���A��娣<�����@>�C �i2�j��娣<�����G>�C �i3�jC. Michael MacMillan, The Practice of Language Rights in Canada (Toronto: U. of Toronto Press, 1998), p. 66. �i4�j��娣<�����T>�C �i5�jConstitution Act, 1982���ժ����|�֡C �i6�jPublic School Act, (1877) 40 Vic., c. 1 (P.E.I.); Public School Act, S.B.C., 1958, c.42, s.62; The Common Schools Act, 1871, 34 Vict., c. 21 (N.B.); An Act Respecting Public Schools, S.M. 1890, c. 38; The Common Schools Act (1859, Upper Canada) and The Separate Schools Act, (1863, Upper Canada)�C �i7�j�u�[���j���y�e���|�v�D�uLarendeau�ήe�x���O�^�y�H�����k�y�H�̺������Ҥl�CR. MacGregor Dawson, The Conscription Crisis of 1944 (Toronto: U. of T. Press, 1961), pp.42-54�C �i8�jA. Laurendeau and A.D. Dunton, Preliminary Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (Ottawa: Queens��s Printer, 1965)�C �i9�jOfficial Languages Act, R.S.C. 1970�C �i10�j�b���~Montreal������St. Leonard�հϩe���|�j���N�j�Q�������l�k�ѭ^�y�Ǯ����k�y�ǮաC �i11�j1972�~���uQuebec���y�M������Ʃe���|�v(�q��Gendron Commission)�����i���X���I�o�{: (1) �@���H�Ӫk�y�H�~��g�٦H��; (2) �^�y�H���@���Ѥu�@�������|; (3) �b�g�٤W�k�y�H�����ϥέ^�y; (4) �����j����ܭ^�y�Ǯ�; (5) �^�y�H���k�y��O�ܮt; (6)�j�ǹ���ܪk�y�H���C�o�i�L�ର�O�CReport of the Gendron Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (1972)�C �i12�jOfficial Languages Act, S.Q., 1974�C �i13�jLa Charte de la Langue Francaise, (Bill 101), Revised Statues of Quebec, 1977�C �i14�j�ھڥ[���j�έp������ơA�b1961��1971�~���AQuebec���^�y�t�H�f�W�[92,000�H(��Quebec�^�y�t�H�f��13%)�A���b1976��1981�~�����A90,000�^�y�t�H(��Quebec�^�y�t�H�f��11%)�E��Quebec�C �i15�jOfficial Languages Act, R.S. 1988�C �i16�j�x��y���ּƱڸs�H�f��ƨ�<������>�C �i17�jMacMillan, p. 90�C �i18�jMacDonald v. City of Montreal et at (1986), Supreme Court Report, 460�C �i19�jKenneth McRoberts, Misconceiving Canada: The Struggle for National Unity (Toronto: Oxford U. Press, 1997)�C �i20�jConstitution Act 1867 (BNA Act, 1867)��91�M92���W�w�p���P�U�٪����v�A��93�w�Ш|�v�C �i21�j�W�ߤ��봿�|��⦸�A�Ĥ@���b1980�~�����|��A���G�٦�40.5%�A�Ϲ�59.5%�A�ĤG���b1995�~�|��A���G�٦�49.4%�A�Ϲ�50.6%�C �i22�j�b1986�~���[���j��129,000�ǥͦb�Dz�60�ػy���A���������y�����h�CJim Cummins and Marcel Danesi, Heritage Languages (Toronto: Garamond, 1990), p. 26�C �i23�j���p�U: 15(1) Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability. (2) Subsection (1) does not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration of conditions of disadvantaged individuals or groups including those that are disadvantaged because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability �i24�jCommissioner of Official Languages, Annual Report 1992 (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1993), p. 48�C �i25�jManfred W. Wenner, ��The Politics of Equality Among European Linguistic Minorities,�� in Richard Claude, ed. Comparative Human Rights (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1976), p. 193�C �i26�jMaurice Cranston, What are Human Rights? (New York: Basic Books, 1962), p. 36�C �i27�jWill Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Osford U. Press, 1989), p. 166�C �i28�jWilliam E. Cinklin, In Defense of Fundamental Rights (Netherlands: Sitjhoff and Noordhoff, 1979), p. 226�C �i29�jJacques Brazeau, ��Language Differences and Occupational Experience,�� Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, Vol. 24 (1958), pp. 532-40�C �i30�jMacMillan, pp. 20-21�C �i31�j�{�N��ڪk�W�ӻ{�T�ض����v�X�ͦs�v�B�ۨM�v�B�M���o�۵M�귽�v�C�o�Ƕ����v�O�u�F�v�������v�v�CYoran Dinstein, ��Collective Human Rights of Peoples and Minorities,�� International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 25 (1976), p. 102�C �i32�jVernon Van Dyke, ��Collective Entities and Moral Rights: Problems in Liberal-Democratic Thought,�� Journal of Politics, Vol. 44, No. 1(1982), pp.31-36�C �i33�jEvelyn Kallen, Ethnicity and Human Rights in Canada (Toronto: Gage, 1982), p. 217�C �i34�jDouglas Sanders, ��Collective Rights,�� Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1991), p. 381�C �i35�jSanford A. Lakoff, Equality in Political Philosophy (Cambridge: Harvard U. Press, 1964), p. 12�C �i36�jR.H. Tawney, Equality, rev. ed. (London: Allen and Unwin, 1952), p. 39�C �i37�j�Ѿ\��23�C �i38�jScott Reid������ر��p���u�����Ū����y�F���v(asymmetrical bilingualism)�CScott Reid, Lament for a Notion: The Life and Death of Canada��s Bilingual Dream (Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, 1993), p. 17�C �i39�jMacMillan, p. 181�C �i40�jCarol Karakwas Stacey-Diablo, ��Aboriginal Language Rights in the 1990��s,�� in Human Rights in Canada: Into the 1990��s and Beyond, ed. Ryszard I. Cholesinski (Ottawa: Human Rights Research and Education Centre, U. of Ottawa, 1990), pp. 139-64�C �i41�j�o�Ǹ�ƬO�Ӧۥ[���j�έp�������i�u�[���j��������y�z�v(Profile of Canada��s Aboriginal Population (cat. No. 94-325, 1995)�C �i42�jChandran Kukathas, ��Are There Any Cultural Rights?�� Political Theory, Vol. 20, no. 1 (1992), p. 122�C �i43�jDonald M. Taylor and Stephen C. Wright, ��Language Attitudes in a Multilingual Northern Community,�� Canadian Journal of Native Studies, vol. 9, no. 1 (1989), pp. 85-119�C �i44�jGovernment of Quebec, Charter of the French Language, Rev. Statutes of Quebec, c. 11 secs. 87-89 and 95-97�C �i45�jMacMillan, p. 197�C �i46�jCummins and Danesi, p. 26�C �i47�jNeil Bissoondath, Selling Illusions: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada (Toronto: Penguin, 1994)�C�ثe�b�[���j�̦h�H�ϥΪ����j�y��(�e�`�H�f�ʤ����@�H�W�̡^�O�G�^�y(58.6%)�A�k�y(23.7%)�A���y(2.5%)�B�N�j�Q�y(1.7%)�B�M�w�y(1.6%)�C �i48�jCanada, House of Commons, Debates (May 31, 1973), p. 4303�C �@
有加拿大语吗?【北美报告(原加拿大头条Canadanews)七杯茶撰稿】加拿大的官方语言有两种:英语和法语。 但是加拿大是个移民国家,其国民来自五洲四洋,所以世界上的各种语言,加拿大这里差不多都有。 很多加拿大人都是在办公室里说官方语言,回到家里说本民族的母语。
加拿大一般说什么语言?英语和法语都是加拿大的官方语言,其中56.9%的人口以英语为第一语言,21.3%的人口以法语为第一语言。
加拿大有多少种语言?在《官方语言法令》和《加拿大权利与自由宪章》第十六条中,英语和法语均被认可为官方语言,这意味着加拿大的所有法案均以两种语言颁布,政府机构也必须同时提供这两种语言的服务。 在加拿大的行政区划中,魁北克仅以法语为官方语言,新不伦瑞克是唯一一个同时以英语和法语为官方语言的省,其它省均以英语为官方语言。
加拿大的官方语言中除了英语还有哪一种语言?簡短的答案是兩者。 英語和法語都是加拿大的官方語言,其中56.9%的人口以英語為第一語言,21.3%的人口以法語為第一語言。
|