加拿大 的 官方 語言

新不伦瑞克省,简称新省,是加拿大大西洋地区的一个省级行政区,全省人口为751,171人,英语和法语同为新不伦瑞克的官方语言,约65%的人口操英语、32%的人口操法语,是次于魁北克加拿大法语人口第二多的省份。新不伦瑞克也是加拿大唯一一个英法均为官方语言的省份,1993年加拿大宪法修正案确保了在新不伦瑞克省的英语人群和法语人群有着平等的社会权利。新不伦瑞克首府为弗雷德里克顿,最大的城市圣约翰。
“新不伦瑞克”之名源自德语不伦瑞克。该省是加拿大联邦建国之初的四个省份之一,东临圣罗伦斯湾,北接魁北克,在西与美国的缅因州相邻,南与新斯科舍半岛相连,并与爱德华王子岛通过联邦大桥相连。据加拿大统计局2011年数据,该省有近半数人口居住在市区以外,是次爱德华王子岛后加拿大城市化程度最低的省份。

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93. In and for each Province the Legislature may exclusively make Laws in relation to Education, subject and according to the following Provisions:--

(1) Nothing in any such Law shall prejudicially affect any Right or Privilege with respect to Denominational Schools which any Class of Persons have by Law in the Province at the Union:

(2) All the Powers, Privileges and Duties at the Union by Law conferred and imposed in Upper Canada on the Separate Schools and School Trustees of the Queen's Roman Catholic Subjects shall be and the same are hereby extended to the Dissentient Schools of the Queen's Protestant and Roman Catholic Subjects in Quebec:

(3) Where in any Province a System of Separate or Dissentient Schools exists by Law at the Union or is thereafter established by the Legislature of the Province, an Appeal shall lie to the Governor General in Council from any Act or Decision of any Provincial Authority affecting any Right or Privilege of the Protestant or Roman Catholic Minority of the Queen's Subjects in relation to Education:

(4) In case any such Provincial Law as from Time to Time seems to the Governor General in Council requisite for the Execution of the Provisions of this Section is not made, or in case any Decision of the Governor General in Council on any Appeal under this Section is not duly executed by the proper Provincial Authority in that Behalf, then and in every such Case, and as far as the Circumstances of each Case require, the Parliament of Canada may make remedial Laws for the due Execution of the Provisions of this Section and of any Decision of the Governor General in Council under this Section.

<�����G> �[���j�˪k(1867)�����^�B�k�y���ϥ����大���

133. Either the English or the French Language may be used by any Person in the Debates of the Houses of the Parliament of Canada and of the Houses of the Legislature of Quebec; and both those Languages shall be used in the respective Records and Journals of those Houses; and either of those Languages may be used by any Person or in any Pleading or Process in or issuing from any Court of Canada established under this Act, and in or from all or any of the Courts of Quebec.

The Acts of the Parliament of Canada and of the Legislature of Quebec shall be printed and published in both those Languages.

<�����T> �[���j�˪k(1982)�����y����������

Official Languages of Canada

16.(1) English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and government of Canada.

(2) English and French are the official languages of New Brunswick and have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to the use in all institutions of the legislature and government of New Brunswick.

(3) Nothing in this Charter limits the authority of Parliament of a legislature to advance the equality of status or use of English and French. 16.1 (1) The English linguistic community and the French linguistic community in New Brunswick have equality of status and equal rights and privileges, including the right to distinct educational institutions and such distinct cultural institutions as are necessary for the preservation and promotion of those communities.

(2) The role of the legislature and the government of New Brunswick to preserve and promote the status, rights and privileges referred to in subsection (1) is affirmed.

17.(1) Everyone has the right to use English or French in any debates or other proceedings of Parliament.

(2) Everyone has the right to use English or French in any debate and other proceeding of the legislature of New Brunswick.

18.(1) The Statutes, records and journals of Parliament shall be printed and published in English and French and both language versions are equally authoritative.

(2) The Statutes, records and journals of New Brunswick shall be printed and published in English and French and both language versions are equally authoritative.

19.(1) Either English or French may be used by any person in, or in any pleading in or process issuing from any court established by Parliament.

(2) Either English or French may be used by any person in, or in any pleading in or process issuing from any court of New Brunswick.

20.(1) Any member of the public of Canada has the right to communicate with, and to receive available services from, any head or central office of an institution of the Parliament or government of Canada in English or French, and has the same right with respect to any other office of any such institution where

(a) there is significant demand for communications with and services from that office in such language; or

(b) due to the nature of the office, it is reasonable that communications with and services from that office be available in both English and French.

(2) Any member of the public in New Brunswick has the right to communicate with, and to receive available services from, any office of an institution of the legislature or government of New Brunswick in English or French.

21.Nothing in sections 16 to 20 abrogates or derogates from any right, privilege or obligation with respect to the English and French languages, or either of them, that exists or is continued by virtue of any other provision of the Constitution of Canada.(13)

22.Nothing in sections 16 to 20 abrogates or derogates from any legal or customary right or privilege acquired or enjoyed either before or after the coming into force of this Charter with respect to any language that is not English or French.

Minority Language Educational Rights

23.(1) Citizens of Canada

(a) whose first language learned and still understood is that of the English or French linguistic minority population of the province in which they reside, or

(b) who have received their primary school instruction in Canada in English or French and reside in a province where the language in which they received that instruction is the language of the English or French linguistic minority population of the province,

have the right to have their children receive primary and secondary school instruction in that language in that province.(14)

(2) Citizens of Canada of whom any child has received or is receiving primary or secondary school instruction in English or French in Canada, have the right to have all their children receive primary and secondary school instruction in the same language.

(3) The right of citizens of Canada under subsections (1) and (2) to have their children receive primary and secondary school instruction in the language of the English or French linguistic minority population of a province

(a) applies wherever in the province the number of children of citizens who have such a right is sufficient to warrant the provision to them out of public funds of minority language instruction; and

(b) includes, where the number of children so warrants, the right to have them receive that instruction in minority language educational facilities provided out of public funds

59.(1) Paragraph 23(1)(a) shall come into force in respect of Quebec on a day to be fixed by proclamation issued by the Queen or the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada.

(2) A proclamation under subsection (1) shall be issued only where authorized by the legislative assembly or government of Quebec.(28)

(3) This section may be repealed on the day paragraph 23(1)(a) comes into force in respect of Quebec and this Act amended and renumbered, consequentially up the repeal of this section, by proclamation issued by the Queen or the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada.

<�����|> �[���j�˪k(1982)�����˪k�ק�{�����大���

41. An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to the following matters may be made by proclamation issued by the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada only where authorized by resolutions of the Senate and House of Commons and of the legislative assemblies of each province:

(a) the office of the Queen, the Governor General and the Lieutenant Governor of a province;

(b) the right of a province to a number of members in the House of Commons not less than the number of Senators by which the province is entitled to be represented at the time this Part comes into force;

(c) subject to section 43, the use of the English or the French language;

(d) the composition of the Supreme Court of Canada; and

(e) an amendment to this Part.

42. (1) An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to the following matters may be made only in accordance with subsection 38(1):

(a) the principle of proportionate representation of the provinces in the House of Commons prescribed by the Constitution of Canada;

(b) the powers of the Senate and the method of selecting Senators;

(c) the number of members by which a province is entitled to be represented in the Senate and the residence qualifications of Senators;

(d) subject to paragraph 41(d), the Supreme Court of Canada;

(e) the extension of existing provinces into the territories; and

(f) notwithstanding any other law or practice, the establishment of new provinces;

(2) Subsections 38(2) to 38(4) do not apply in respect of amendments in relation to matters referred to in subsection (1).

43. An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to any provision that applies to one or more, but not all provinces, including

(a) any alteration to boundaries between provinces, and

(b) any amendment to any provisions that relate to the use of the English or the French language within a province may be made by proclamation issued by the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada only where so authorized by resolutions of the Senate and House of Commons and of the legislative assembly of each province to which the amendment applies.

44. Subject to sections 41 and 42, Parliament may exclusively make laws amending the Constitution of Canada in relation to executive government of Canada or the Senate and House of Commons.

45. Subject to section 41, the legislature of each province may exclusively make laws amending the constitution of the province.

�ժ������֡@�^�B�k�y�ּƱڸs���G���p�]1996�^

�٥����a�� �`�H�f �k�y�ּ�
�ڸs�H�f
�^�y�ּ�
�ڸs�H�f
�ּƱڸs
�e�`�H�f���
Newfound 547,160 2,270 �@ 0.4
Prince Edward Island 132,855 5,335 �@ 4.0
Nova Scotia 899,970 34,615 �@ 3.8
New Brunswick 729,625 241,040 �@ 33.0
Quebec 7,045,085 �@ 925,835 13.1
Ontario 10,642,795 511,800 �@ 4.8
Manitoba 1,100,295 46,570 �@ 4.2
Saskatchewan 976,615 17,720 �@ 1.8
Alberta 2,669,195 52,500 �@ 2.0
British Columbia 3,689,755 56,310 �@ 1.5
Yukon Territories 30,655 1,115 �@ 3.6
Northwest Territories 64,125 1,375 �@ 2.1
Canada 28,528,125 970,650 925,838 6.6
Total of English and French Minorities(Canada)

1,896,485�@�@�@�@�@6.6

�ѦҤ��m

  • Beaujot, Roderic and Barbara Burnby. The Use of Aboriginal Languages in Canada: An Analysis of 1981 Census Data (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1987).

  • Berry, J.W. and J.A. Laponce, eds. Ethnicity and Culture Canada (Toronto: U. of Toronto Press, 1994).

  • Bissoondath, Neil, Selling Illusions: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada (Toronto: Penguin, 1994).

  • Bonin, Daniel, ed. Towards Reconciliation? The Language Issues in Canada in the 1990��s (Kingston: Queen��s University, 1992).

  • Brazeau, Jacques, ��Language Differences and Occupational Experience,�� Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, Vol. 24 (1958).

  • Brett, Nathan. ��Language Laws and Collective Rights,�� Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, Vol. 4, no.2 (1991), pp. 347-60.

  • Canada, House of Commons, Debates (May 31, 1973).

  • Canada. Language Rights in 2000. (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 2001).

  • Cholewinski, Ryszard I. , ed. Human Rights in Canada: Into the 1990s and Beyond (Ottawa: Human Rights Research and Education Centre, U. of Ottawa, 1990).

  • Commissioner of Officvial Languages, Annual Report 1992 (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1993).

  • Canada Constitution Act, 1867 (British North America Act, 1867).

  • Canada Constitution Act, 1982.

  • Conklin, William E., In Defense of Fundamental Rights (Netherlands: Sitjhoff and Noordhoff, 1979).

  • Cranston, Maurice, What are Human Rights? (New York: Basic Books, 1962).

  • Cummins, Jim and Marcel Danesi, Heritage Languages (Toronto: Garamond, 1990).

  • Danley, John R. ��Liberalism, Aboriginal Rights and Cultural Minorities,�� Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol.20,no.2 (1991), pp. 168-85.

  • Dawson, R. MacGregor, The Conscription Crisis of 1944 (Toronto: U. of T. Press, 1961).

  • De Varennes, Fernand.,��Language and Freedom of Expression in International Law,�� Human Rights Quarterly, vo.16,no.1 (1994), pp. 163-86.

  • Dinstein, Yoran, ��Collective Human Rights of Peoples and Minorities,�� International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 25 (1976).

  • Fishman, Joshua A. Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1991).

  • Government of Quebec, Charter of the French Language, Rev. Statutes of Quebec.

  • Hryniuk, Stella. 20 Years of Multiculturalism: Successes and Failures (Winnipeg: St. John��s College Press, U. of Mnaitoba, 1992).

  • Kallen, Evelyn, Ethnicity and Human Rights in Canada (Toronto: Gage, 1982).

  • Kukathas, Chandran, ��Are There Any Cultural Rights?�� Political Theory, Vol. 20, no. 1 (1992).

  • Kymlicka, Will, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Oxford U. Press, 1989).

  • La Charte de la Langue Francaise, (Bill 101), Revised Statues of Quebec, 1977.

  • Lakoff, Sanford A., Equality in Political Philosophy (Cambridge: Harvard U. Press, 1964.

  • Laurendeau, A. and A.D. Dunton, Preliminary Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (Ottawa: Queens��s Printer, 1965).

  • Leblanc, Phylis. ��Francophone Minorities: The Fragmentation of the French-Canadian Identity, �� in Beyond Quebec, ed. By Kenneth McRoberts (Montreal: McGill U. Press, 1977).

  • MacMillan, C. Michael. The Practice of Language Rights in Canada (Toronto: U. of Toronto press, 1998).

  • Magnet, Joseph E. Official Languages of Canada: Perspectives from Law, Policy, and the Future (Cowansville, Que.: Les Editions Yvon Blais, 1995).

  • McRoberts, Kenneth, Misconceiving Canada: The Struggle for National Unity (Toronto: Oxford U. Press, 1997).

  • Official Languages Act, R.S.C. 1970.

  • Official Languages Act, S.Q., 1974.

  • Profile of Canada��s Aboriginal Population (cat. No. 94-325, 1995).

  • Reid, Scott, Lament for a Notion: The Life and Death of Canada��s Bilingual Dream (Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, 1993).

  • Sanders, Douglas, ��Collective Rights,�� Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1991).

  • Stacey-Diablo, Carol Karakwas, ��Aboriginal Language Rights in the 1990��s,�� in Human Rights in Canada: Into the 1990��s and Beyond, ed. Ryszard I. Cholesinski (Ottawa: Human Rights Research and Education Centre, U. of Ottawa, 1990).

  • Statistics Canada. Home Language and Knowledge of Language: 1991 Census Technical Reports (Ottawa: Minister of Industry, Science and Technology, 1994).

  • Statistics Canada. Various Census Reports.

  • Tawney, R.H., Equality, rev. ed. (London: Allen and Unwin, 1952).

  • Taylor, Charles. ��The Politics of Recognition,�� in Multiculturalism and the Politics of Recognition. ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton: Princeton U. Press, 1992).

  • Taylor, Donald M. and Stephen C. Wright. ��Language Attitudes in a Multilingual Northern Community,�� Canadian Journal of Native Studies, vol. 9, no. 1 (1989).

  • Trudeau, Pierre E. Federalism and the French Canadians (Toronto: Macmillan, 1968).

  • Van Dyke, Vernon, ��Collective Entities and Moral Rights: Problems in Liberal-Democratic Thought,�� Journal of Politics, Vol. 44, No. 1(1982).

  • Wenner, Manfred W., ��The Politics of Equality Among European Linguistic Minorities,�� in Richard Claude, ed. Comparative Human Rights (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1976).

����

�i1�j�j�N�p���A��娣<�����@>�C

�i2�j��娣<�����G>�C

�i3�jC. Michael MacMillan, The Practice of Language Rights in Canada (Toronto: U. of Toronto Press, 1998), p. 66.

�i4�j��娣<�����T>�C

�i5�jConstitution Act, 1982���ժ����|�֡C

�i6�jPublic School Act, (1877) 40 Vic., c. 1 (P.E.I.); Public School Act, S.B.C., 1958, c.42, s.62; The Common Schools Act, 1871, 34 Vict., c. 21 (N.B.); An Act Respecting Public Schools, S.M. 1890, c. 38; The Common Schools Act (1859, Upper Canada) and The Separate Schools Act, (1863, Upper Canada)�C

�i7�j�u�[���j���y�e���|�v�D�uLarendeau�ήe�x���O�^�y�H�����k�y�H�̺������Ҥl�CR. MacGregor Dawson, The Conscription Crisis of 1944 (Toronto: U. of T. Press, 1961), pp.42-54�C

�i8�jA. Laurendeau and A.D. Dunton, Preliminary Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (Ottawa: Queens��s Printer, 1965)�C

�i9�jOfficial Languages Act, R.S.C. 1970�C

�i10�j�b���~Montreal������St. Leonard�հϩe���|�j���N�j�Q�������l�k�ѭ^�y�Ǯ����k�y�ǮաC

�i11�j1972�~���uQuebec���y�M������Ʃe���|�v(�q��Gendron Commission)�����i���X���I�o�{: (1) �@���H�Ӫk�y�H�~��g�٦H��; (2) �^�y�H���@���Ѥu�@�������|; (3) �b�g�٤W�k�y�H�����ϥέ^�y; (4) �����j����ܭ^�y�Ǯ�; (5) �^�y�H���k�y��O�ܮt; (6)�j�ǹ���ܪk�y�H���C�o�i�L�ର�O�CReport of the Gendron Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (1972)�C

�i12�jOfficial Languages Act, S.Q., 1974�C

�i13�jLa Charte de la Langue Francaise, (Bill 101), Revised Statues of Quebec, 1977�C

�i14�j�ھڥ[���j�έp������ơA�b1961��1971�~���AQuebec���^�y�t�H�f�W�[92,000�H(��Quebec�^�y�t�H�f��13%)�A���b1976��1981�~�����A90,000�^�y�t�H(��Quebec�^�y�t�H�f��11%)�E��Quebec�C

�i15�jOfficial Languages Act, R.S. 1988�C

�i16�j�x��y���ּƱڸs�H�f��ƨ�<������>�C

�i17�jMacMillan, p. 90�C

�i18�jMacDonald v. City of Montreal et at (1986), Supreme Court Report, 460�C

�i19�jKenneth McRoberts, Misconceiving Canada: The Struggle for National Unity (Toronto: Oxford U. Press, 1997)�C

�i20�jConstitution Act 1867 (BNA Act, 1867)��91�M92���W�w�p���P�U�٪����v�A��93�w�Ш|�v�C

�i21�j�W�ߤ��봿�|��⦸�A�Ĥ@���b1980�~�����|��A���G�٦�40.5%�A�Ϲ�59.5%�A�ĤG���b1995�~�|��A���G�٦�49.4%�A�Ϲ�50.6%�C

�i22�j�b1986�~���[���j��129,000�ǥͦb�Dz�60�ػy���A���������y�����h�CJim Cummins and Marcel Danesi, Heritage Languages (Toronto: Garamond, 1990), p. 26�C

�i23�j���p�U: 15(1) Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability. (2) Subsection (1) does not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration of conditions of disadvantaged individuals or groups including those that are disadvantaged because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability

�i24�jCommissioner of Official Languages, Annual Report 1992 (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1993), p. 48�C

�i25�jManfred W. Wenner, ��The Politics of Equality Among European Linguistic Minorities,�� in Richard Claude, ed. Comparative Human Rights (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1976), p. 193�C

�i26�jMaurice Cranston, What are Human Rights? (New York: Basic Books, 1962), p. 36�C

�i27�jWill Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community and Culture (Osford U. Press, 1989), p. 166�C

�i28�jWilliam E. Cinklin, In Defense of Fundamental Rights (Netherlands: Sitjhoff and Noordhoff, 1979), p. 226�C

�i29�jJacques Brazeau, ��Language Differences and Occupational Experience,�� Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, Vol. 24 (1958), pp. 532-40�C

�i30�jMacMillan, pp. 20-21�C

�i31�j�{�N��ڪk�W�ӻ{�T�ض����v�X�ͦs�v�B�ۨM�v�B�M���o�۵M�귽�v�C�o�Ƕ����v�O�u�F�v�������v�v�CYoran Dinstein, ��Collective Human Rights of Peoples and Minorities,�� International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 25 (1976), p. 102�C

�i32�jVernon Van Dyke, ��Collective Entities and Moral Rights: Problems in Liberal-Democratic Thought,�� Journal of Politics, Vol. 44, No. 1(1982), pp.31-36�C

�i33�jEvelyn Kallen, Ethnicity and Human Rights in Canada (Toronto: Gage, 1982), p. 217�C

�i34�jDouglas Sanders, ��Collective Rights,�� Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1991), p. 381�C

�i35�jSanford A. Lakoff, Equality in Political Philosophy (Cambridge: Harvard U. Press, 1964), p. 12�C

�i36�jR.H. Tawney, Equality, rev. ed. (London: Allen and Unwin, 1952), p. 39�C

�i37�j�Ѿ\��23�C

�i38�jScott Reid������ر��p���u�����Ū����y�F���v(asymmetrical bilingualism)�CScott Reid, Lament for a Notion: The Life and Death of Canada��s Bilingual Dream (Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, 1993), p. 17�C

�i39�jMacMillan, p. 181�C

�i40�jCarol Karakwas Stacey-Diablo, ��Aboriginal Language Rights in the 1990��s,�� in Human Rights in Canada: Into the 1990��s and Beyond, ed. Ryszard I. Cholesinski (Ottawa: Human Rights Research and Education Centre, U. of Ottawa, 1990), pp. 139-64�C

�i41�j�o�Ǹ�ƬO�Ӧۥ[���j�έp�������i�u�[���j��������y�z�v(Profile of Canada��s Aboriginal Population (cat. No. 94-325, 1995)�C

�i42�jChandran Kukathas, ��Are There Any Cultural Rights?�� Political Theory, Vol. 20, no. 1 (1992), p. 122�C

�i43�jDonald M. Taylor and Stephen C. Wright, ��Language Attitudes in a Multilingual Northern Community,�� Canadian Journal of Native Studies, vol. 9, no. 1 (1989), pp. 85-119�C

�i44�jGovernment of Quebec, Charter of the French Language, Rev. Statutes of Quebec, c. 11 secs. 87-89 and 95-97�C

�i45�jMacMillan, p. 197�C

�i46�jCummins and Danesi, p. 26�C

�i47�jNeil Bissoondath, Selling Illusions: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada (Toronto: Penguin, 1994)�C�ثe�b�[���j�̦h�H�ϥΪ����j�y��(�e�`�H�f�ʤ����@�H�W�̡^�O�G�^�y(58.6%)�A�k�y(23.7%)�A���y(2.5%)�B�N�j�Q�y(1.7%)�B�M�w�y(1.6%)�C

�i48�jCanada, House of Commons, Debates (May 31, 1973), p. 4303�C

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有加拿大语吗?

【北美报告(原加拿大头条Canadanews)七杯茶撰稿】加拿大的官方语言两种:英语和法语。 但是加拿大是个移民国家,其国民来自五洲四洋,所以世界上的各种语言,加拿大这里差不多都。 很多加拿大人都是在办公室里说官方语言,回到家里说本民族的母语。

加拿大一般说什么语言?

英语和法语都是加拿大官方语言,其中56.9%的人口以英语为第一语言,21.3%的人口以法语为第一语言

加拿大有多少种语言?

在《官方语言法令》和《加拿大权利与自由宪章》第十六条中,英语和法语均被认可为官方语言,这意味着加拿大的所有法案均以两种语言颁布,政府机构也必须同时提供这两种语言的服务。 在加拿大的行政区划中,魁北克仅以法语为官方语言,新不伦瑞克是唯一一个同时以英语和法语为官方语言的省,其它省均以英语为官方语言

加拿大的官方语言中除了英语还有哪一种语言?

簡短的答案是兩者。 英語和法語都是加拿大的官方語言,其中56.9%的人口以英語為第一語言,21.3%的人口以法語為第一語言